The electronic age has changed the way we explore, access and consume information. Today much of our information needs are fulfilled through the internet, for absolutely no cost. Much of professional and scholarly research is done through data collected from the internet, and through networking with other researchers. Yet, many argue about the perils of free content, as well the authenticity of content. The magnitude of free information, even throws up the argument of the need for books, or data that has a price tag attached to it. What is it about some content, that you can charge a premium for it? How do you get people to buy content rather than rely on free information sought through the internet?

Readers are given the option to search within the book and ensure that they are getting exactly what they are paying for. Up-to date research reports and full volumes of encyclopedias usually only allow for free book previews, through online readers. Access of an entire volume costs the reader, and if the preview shows content that is worthy, readers are indeed wiling to pay a price for it. The new system that is emerging is of “mixed bundling” - offering a product and its components in different permutations to satisfy different consumer needs. In a manner of speaking, your content is no longer just a product, i.e. a book. Today readers are demanding that there are no restrictions on structure and in a way turning your traditional ‘product’ into a service that requires more than just the physical version. Consumers are demanding specifics, and well, today they are getting what they want. Today, content providers give their readers content in the way they wish to consume it. They give them the option of buying part of the content, add supplementary material to the content, allow them to rent content and many more such options. Thus, to some extent curbing the attitude of, “why should I have to pay for something I don’t need/can get free”.

In a way, content, especially e-content, is looked on as an experience. Today, readers want to envision rather than imagine, they want to participate rather than watch. eBooks give them this experience. You can read an ebook, add notes, share notes with friends, discuss with experts, watch videos, take tests, play games, listen to audio and more, with the added advantage of consuming this content, anywhere and at anytime.

The trend of cloud computing, or saving of data on the cloud/internet, enables portability of content from device to device which represents the future of media and content consumption. The device market is constantly evolving, due to changing consumer preferences and the developing electronics landscape. Device manufacturers, marketers and publishers alike are challenged to make content available where, when and how their readers want to consume it—and that is anywhere, anytime and on any device. Multiple devices, numerous access modes and shifting consumer preferences mean, marketers and content owners cannot afford to choose any one single method. Until formats and device platforms get more established, multi-mode, multi-device support remains a must. So the overall expectations have increased and is more about convenience of accessing the content, choice of formats and price. In a nutshell, it’s about enhanced reading experience, and accessibility to needed resources.

The question of revenues for publishing is on top of everyone’s mind. In studying industry trends, and knowing that readers are not willing to pay for content that they can already access for free, the problem needs to be looked at from another angle. The real opportunity could lie in what we have been calling ‘the reading experience’. Publishers need to take on the role of service providers rather than sellers of a product. Real opportunity could lie in options such as is in selling access to repositories of content or in a constant stream of value adds, such as updates, buying in chunks, renting, links, audio, video, networking, gaming, sharing, participation and engagement and giving readers what they are looking for.

It’s been a month since the conference, and I still haven’t gotten over the whole “TOC experience”. My mind keeps going back to all the discussions we had, and I find myself constantly pondering over opinions expressed, predictions made and in general, visualizing what the outlook of our industry might look like few years down the line.

Having worked closely with the publishing industry for over a decade, it was both inspiring and exciting to see publishers from all around the world come together with the realization that change is here to stay. Encouraging, was to note how earnest publishers were towards understanding this change and the focus they have towards preparing themselves for the future.

In this blog, I would like to share a few anecdotes, and what I thought was especially interesting and defining for the future of our industry.  For the past ten years we have studied the dynamics of the publishing industry, its trends, changing reader habits and one session that struck an instant chord with me was by Peter Collingridge from Enhanced Editions. He describes the work he does as “tailor-making books for the iPhone, and the challenge that they set, on how to translate a book to a device in a way that creates a valuable new user experience and adds to the content. He highlighted the fact that the app was being offered as an ‘optional experience’. To quote him, “You don’t have to listen, or read and listen, or watch. Its how the reader wants it to be. We can build stuff around it and online – but the reading should be left between the reader and the content. The app is all about engagement with the content.” The key to their success here is their understanding and empathy towards the reader. His insight into reader behavior is an important lesson for all of us in the content business. The sure win sales strategy is to give your readers the content that they want.

Over the past couple of years we have seen the lightening quick pace at which the industry is evolving and this experience has helped us build innovative solutions such as reporting and data analytical tools that are helping publishers the world over take their publishing to a whole new level. As Tim O’Reilly mentioned in his session, today publishers have a better understanding of their markets with the help of data analytical tools and are building direct relationships with their readers. These tools enable publishers to put reader habits under the microscope, and use this information to tailor make content to suit the readers need. This and the ease through which they can convert their content into digital formats and deliver it through custom built platforms enable them to cash in on the opportunities that the web offers.

This year at TOC, I too had the opportunity to share my thoughts on ‘The new dynamics of publishing’ at the keynote and at a focused session on the ‘Next generation of ebooks’. Publishing has evolved, and now more than ever publishers need to focus on their core area of expertise - Content. Yet, understanding and exploiting the advancements in technology and reader demand and consumption habits could very well be the key factor that defines success. My belief is that in choosing the right strategic partners, publishers can remain focused on their core business, while still being able to implement the right technological strategies that keeps them at the top of their game.

Earlier this month, Apple did something which by now they seem to have mastered - launch yet another killer product that has left everyone spellbound.  Even those who are picking holes in the product can’t stop talking about it.  Because, notwithstanding all the shortcomings (Read, no flash, just one USB port, 4:3 screen display, etc.), everybody knows that it will sell in millions.

For those in the publishing industry the launch of iPad meant a little more. By launching a device that supports rich multimedia, eBooks, eBook Reader, etc. backed by a full fledged iBookstore, Apple has sounded their arrival into the eBook market in style.  While the Amazons, Barnes & Nobles, Sony, etc will go in to a huddle in their respective boardrooms to devise a counter strategy, the Publishing community has much to cheer about.  So, what could be the single most talked about topic in the publisher organization.  May be figuring out how to get their content ready for the iPad.

Isn’t that quite obvious.  Here is a device that packs eBook functionality unlike any of its predecessors.  The leap from e-ink to full color graphics, and complete multimedia support opens exciting opportunities for the publishers. It is said that the iPad supports epub format, and has proprietary DRM in the mix to allay any copyright worries for the publisher.  Publishers that have already have an epub strategy will probably find it easier to capitalize than those that do not.  But, they still have the challenge of devising a strategy for the iPad specifically as their earlier strategies were probably built around the standard devices like the Kindle, Sony Reader, etc. In other words, having their content in epub format is just not going to be enough for publishers; not if they want to harness the power and performance of iPad optimally.

Let’s just give it some thought.  STM Publishers can now have eBooks that are rich in multimedia illustrations, and exciting ancillary content built around their existing content that makes the learning experience more interesting and absorbing.  K-12 publishers can build Talking eBooks, animated storybooks, etc. that redefines the way a child interacts and relates to books and characters in books. There are many that agree that the iPad could be the ultimate plaything for a child. A child likes to touch and feel, hold, push buttons, etc, and the iPad allows all this and more, making a very strong case for more and more interactive content for children. WARREN BUCKLEITNER, in his blog on NY Times, stresses that this is a new outlet for storytellers.  And, publishers are storytellers, and the iPad has just made it more exciting.

Last Tuesday, we proudly announced that Sesame Workshop, the non-profit organization behind Sesame Street, has partnered with Impelsys to convert as many as 900 of its over 5,000 published books into eBooks. The deal got tremendous coverage in the media, that included a feature article in the Wall Street Journal which ran in the print edition of the WJS and on wsj.com. Impelsys was also featured in the Los Angeles Times, LiveMint, Gizmodo, MediaBistro and on ABC news.

We actively pursued this partnership with Sesame Street for more than a year because this deal represents the direction in which the industry is heading. The Kindle and Nook were important steps for the digital publishing industry, in the same way that Pong was a big step for the video game industry, but I contend that the best technology at the moment for digital books is one that most of us already have in our homes – the computer.

I believe that we can learn a great deal from the evolution of the video game industry. In 1975, Atari released the Home Pong console – a hardware-focused, one-dimensional product that captured our imaginations and helped spawn a multi-billion dollar worldwide industry. Pong was an important first step but in the end, the machine played one game and we needed gaming systems with more power, flexibility and interactivity.

The hardware (i.e. Xbox, Wii, PS3) remains important to this day, but its genius lies in the software that runs on these systems. For example, the Wii was a big development, but people loved it because we could go bowling in our living room or play tennis with our kids on a snowy day.

Whether playing Halo with a friend from China on PlayStation 3, doing exercises with your sister on Wii Fit or having Grover personally read for your 3-year old “The Monster at the end of this Book” on ebooks.Sesamestreet.org, consumers want a rich, interactive, 3D experiences, regardless of the gadget it comes in.

This partnership with Sesame Workshop is an important milestone for Impelsys and a great way to end a very productive 2009. I look forward to continuing to push the boundaries of digital publishing and providing publishers and content developers with technologies that enable interactivity and allow their businesses to grow in 2010 and beyond.

I’ve been thinking about last month’s New York Times story, Textbook Publisher to Rent to College Students, and the subsequent NYTimes blog post, A Cheaper Way to Get Textbooks: Rent and I’m a bit confused.

I’m not surprised that companies like Cengage, Chegg or Follett need to take these steps in the hopes of preserving the dwindling revenues that the entire book business is seeing. But I’m surprised that the Times saw fit to stand behind these efforts so blindly in light of the facts.

The basis of this story is that companies are adopting textbook rentals to counter the online sales of used textbooks to outfits like Amazon.com.  They believe this approach will increase profitability because they won’t have to go for additional print runs.

Even if this were a solid deal for students - which most of the blog comments seem to indicate otherwise – the economics just don’t add up. The companies still have to manage lending centers; replace damaged, lost or destroyed books, and they are still limited to a certain geographical area or be subject to large shipping fees.

If we accept that e-books will be the norm sooner or later, this new business can hardly be seen as anything more than a last gasp for the physical textbook business.  (For those doubters still among you, I am reminded of the music industry execs that couldn’t be convinced that digital music would ever replace CDs).

When e-books become the norm:

1. Books become available to all just with an Internet connection.
2. They can sell it at a much lesser price compared to their print versions.
3. They can rent it for a period of time.
4. They can sell content in chunks.
5. They can rent content in chunks.
6. Publishers do not have to worry about the used book market.

I don’t know…maybe I’m over thinking this one.

Like many of us in the publishing industry, I have been closely monitoring the recent wave of e-book coverage in the consumer media. We have seen powerful headlines such as “B&N Launches Kindle Killer” (Wall Street Journal) and “Is Amazon Taking Over the Book Business” (Time Magazine) and questions abound: Are we nearing Malcolm Gladwell’s proverbial tipping point? Will e-books sales capture a substantial share of the overall market in the next few years? Are Jeff Bezos and Steve Riggio going to rumble? Possibly.

Amazon and Barnes & Noble certainly continue to move the needle by developing new technologies, engaging new partners and driving consumer awareness. But I would like to offer a slightly less “sexy” story angle. Perhaps this isn’t a race for inter-stellar domination between two massive companies. Perhaps the story is not about one viewer or one “e-book megacenter” as the NY Times so eloquently described it. Perhaps this isn’t even about Amazon or B&N or Google, Apple, Sony or whoever comes next.

In my opinion, this is not an “either/or” proposition. This is about how publishers can learn from each other; how we all benefit from technological advancements; and, what we can discover from the new business models that are currently being tested.

Beyond the technology, the alliances and the giant marketing budgets of Amazon and B&N, the key to success for publishers of all sizes is building platforms that connect them with their end-users in meaningful ways. Publishers need to harness that data and produce strong, lasting consumer relationships. The publishers who best understand their consumers and grasp what they really want will lead the way.

The future is bright for the Davids and the Goliaths.

A million dollar question, quite literally. Ebooks that are out there now, are priced anywhere from a couple of dollars to a few thousands, the most common price point being $9.99 of the Amazon Kindle. Amazon, in its model, allows publishers to set a selling price and reconciles 30% of that amount, irrespective of the selling price being at $9.99. Having more or less taken up a loss-leader position in this for all popular titles,  their model focuses on gaining market share.  They do charge higher for the less popular and niche books. They are making sure that people get habituated to buying and reading ebooks, though their reconciliation to the publisher may be higher than the selling price of the book – at least in some cases (http://www.teleread.org/2009/05/13/amazon-losing-money-on-999-e-books/).

One other interesting case study to look at would be that of O’Reilly, probably one of the most innovative and early-adopting publisher in the market today. They offer a deeply discounted model of selling most books in DRM-free ePub and PDF versions at $4.99. They have experimented constantly and arrived at a model that covers the marginal cost of an electronic version. The fixed costs still remain in getting a book out. The marginal cost of going from print to electronic is what O’Reilly is focusing on. They are, as always, experimenting with different models and trying to figure out the expectations of the market. In fact, today they sell more ebooks than print books from their own site! (http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/02/state-of-the-computer-book-mar-24.html)

The recent boycott of books on the Kindle, priced over $9.99, provides an interesting comparison on how much the market expects an electronic edition of a book to be priced at.

• Are people right in demanding that all books be sold at the same price, irrespective of the nature of the book?
• Can a different model be explored that offers better choice than a high priced ebook?

“I’d charge fifty cents for an online rental. It would immediately hammer the rental stores (which is fine with Hollywood) and DVD replicators (also fine with Hollywood) but would instantly teach people a new habit. Then, once the new habit is set and you’ve earned permission, sure, charge more for new movies and for blockbusters. 300 million movie theatres, all selling tickets every single night–you don’t need to charge $10 a seat when you have access to everyone.

It’s important to charge something, because the act of paying fundamentally changes the dynamics of the relationship. The question is this: at the start, is your goal to maximize profit or to build a platform that scales? The fact is that the market is too small right now for the price to matter. What matters is whether you can build an audience that is in the habit of paying you, an audience that wants to hear from you, an audience that you can build a business on.

At fifty cents a rental, all desire for piracy goes out the window, replaced by convenience, ease of use and a clear conscience. More important, entire new services show up, habits are built and the studios end up with a direct relationship with consumers who want to hear from them. If they don’t get greedy at the start.”

(http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2008/01/how-much-for-di.html)

This was written almost 17 months ago by Seth Godin when he was pondering over on how much movie studios should be charging for digital downloads. Probably, the answers lie in Seth’s quote above. Micro-payments and micro-subscriptions, broadly put as rentals, is one model that has rarely been explored in electronic books.

• Can publishers look at a market segment that is willing to pay a small price for a limited time access to content?

“But isn’t this very similar to our real-world or electronic libraries?” - one might ask. It is, to some extent. Yet, it is not a membership-based cover fee to access multiple titles. That particular model already exists for electronic book sales to institutions.

For single users, though, one can look at a model where access is limited to a particular title of choice, for a restricted period of time and has a small attached fee. This model will also be easier to reconcile in terms of royalties, compared to electronic library models, as the payments are for specific titles. A sale can be easily broken down into the royalty percentages and reconciled with authors and content creators.

The market segment that we are talking about here, would probably not buy the print book at all. They are on the fringe. They are consumers, but not buyers, of the print book. This segment of the market is price sensitive and will not buy beyond a price point. However, they will buy in great numbers - if the price is right. There seems to be a good elasticity at lower prices for ebooks. The consumer wants access to read, if it is legal and within their expected price-point - they will go for it. Otherwise, they will look at alternatives. If the price is too high for them, they will explore an alternative Wiki text or risk pirated sources of access on torrents or YouTube-like user uploaded websites for books. We are talking about:

• Students who refrain from buying that ‘important, but non-prescribed book’ needed for their examination.
• Researchers who would rather refer at a library than buy books required to prepare a report.
• Professionals who would not buy all the books that cover a topic.
• Readers who want to check out the book by an author before making the buy decision.

If you look at it closely, everyone benefits from this ‘fringe market’ sale; from the publishers to the authors and more importantly the readers. Will this model work for all segments in publishing? Maybe not. Will it work for popular paperbacks? Again, maybe not. However some early experiments by Harper Collins and Random House indicates that giving easy access to books in the electronic format does have a positive effect on people buying the print edition. (http://www.idpf.org/events/presentations/digitalbook08/lHulse08.pdf

The micro-subscription models will encourage people to explore more books and may result in driving more print sales. What it does warrant though, is experimenting. With technology and tools available now to actively experiment, it is just a question of trying.

Some more links on this topic..

• Joe Wikert’s Publishing 2020 Blog
• Lance Ulanoff’s take on the PC Mag
• Glenn’s take on the BenBella Blog